Standard class seems to mean base class in the DMG.
Even if it's only talking about PHB classes, that would still give you Sorcerer casting and Fighter feats.
But SorO, quit using wierd quizes. You can just write the actual passages. It's easier, doesn't look arrogant, and you don't look nearly as foolish when you miss something (in this case, the DMG also talks about "standard classes," and gives them the same definition as "base classes"). I still think Standard Class means base class... remember that all books assume you only have PHB, DMG, and MM as far as examples are concerned (and it's supposed to assume that for all purposes, but a few mess that up, like Heroes of Horror referencing Fiend Folio in the Dread Necromancer entry). Now, 175 of the DMG also refers to "standard classes" and is talking about the PHB, but since no other books with base classes had been written yet, that doesn't really say much. The DMG seems to use "Standard Classes" interchangeably with "Basic Classes" further indicating that it probably just means base classes. In fact page 176 of the DMG straight up defines "Base Class" as one of the eleven classes in the PHB.
So yes, the page 31 entry is a bit oddball, but doesn't specifically say that the newer classes that compliment the standard classes in the PHB are not also standard classes. Meanwhile, the DMG specifically does defined "base classes" as being the ones in the PHB, and then use "standard classes" and "basic classes" to mean the same thing, though at the time of writing the PHB was the only book with base classes in it.
As for spellcasting, Mad Linguist nailed it, so I have little to add to that, except to say that he forgot the fourth catagory, natural abilities. Natural abilities are basic physical functionality abilities like your movement speed, natural attacks, natural armor, etc... stuff defined by your form, effectively. Page 180 of the PHB gives a better definition than that, but that's how it's used.
JaronK